Paratuberculosis caused byMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is a progressive, chronic and noncurable granulomatous enteritis. Paratuberculosis affects ruminants worldwide. The earliest reports on paratuberculosis in Iran date back to 1960’s when the disease was diagnosed in imported animals of the Abadan Oil Company’s farm. In the work presented here 13 field MAP isolates including 4 ovine and 3 caprine isolates from Isfahan, 6 bovine isolates from Zanjan and Alborz provinces plus 2 vaccinal strains of 316F and III & V were subjected to PCR-IS900, PCR-F57 for identification and also PCR-Collins for typing. In consequence, while an identical PCR protocol was successfully developed to simultaneously perform all the three experiments, the 15 tested bacteria were all shown to be MAP TYPE II (cattle TYPE). In epidemiological sense, when the size of national goat, sheep and cattle herds of Iran is taken into account, circulation of MAP TYPE II is intriguing.

Background: Electrolytes play an important role in the normal functioning of human body. Electrolyte imbalance and mineral disturbances is the common clinical manifestation in several infectious diseases including malaria. Malaria is a mosquito borne serious infectious disease of the world. Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum are the main agents re-sponsible for malaria in Pakistan. Electrolyte imbalance in malarial INFECTION may lead towards the severity of disease.Methods: The present study analyzed the electrolytes levels (Na, K, Ca and Mg) in malarial patients and healthy indi-viduals. Patients were categorized into two groups, P. falciparum and P. vivax, based on causative species of Plasmodium. Study consisted of 173 individuals, out of which 73 were malarial patients and 100 were normal healthy individuals.Results: Concentrations of Na, K, and Ca were low in the blood of malarial patients as compared to healthy individu-als (P<0.05). No significant difference for these electrolytes exists between P. falciparum and P. vivax infected groups (P>0.05). The concentration of Mg was changed based on exposure to the TYPE of parasite. In P. falciparum INFECTION, the level of Mg was lower than healthy individuals was (P<0.05). Discordantly, in case of P. vivaxINFECTION, Mg level was higher than healthy individuals were (P<0.05). No variation was noticed in electrolytes levels due to gender differ-ences (P>0.05).Conclusion: Variation in Mg levels occurs due to exposure of Plasmodium depending on its TYPE. The levels of Na, K and Ca are also changed due to Plasmodium, regardless of its TYPE.

Genetic control of INFECTION TYPE of stripe rust was studied in a half-diallel design using six wheat varieties, Tiritea (a susceptible control), Tancred, Kotare, Otane, Karama, and Briscard. These varieties and their 15 F1 diallel hybrids were evaluated by three stripe rust pathoTYPEs, 7E18A-, 38E0A+, and 134E134A+. For each pathoTYPE a randomized complete block design was conducted with 21 treatments. Data for INFECTION TYPE were analyzed on the basis of Morley Jones, Waiter and Morton, Griffing, and Hayman's graphical methods. Positive and negative degrees of dominance were observed for every pathoTYPE, indicating the host-pathogen interaction. Analyses of variance showed the importance of both additive and dominance genetic effects in controlling the INFECTION TYPE of stripe rust. However, the role of additive effects was more important than non-additive effects. Average of broad-sense and narrow-sense heritability estimates was 0.92 and 0.89, respectively. In the graphical analysis of Hayman, degree of dominance ranged from partial dominance to overdominance depending on the pathoTYPE. Briscard, in all pathoTYPEs, Karama in 7E18A- and 38E0A+and Kotare in 134E134A+, had mainly recessive genes. Significant negative geperal combining abilities(more resistance)were also obtained for Kotare in 7E18A-, for Briscard in 38E0A+,and for Briscard, Karama, and Kotare in 134E134A+.In conclusion, regarding the high heritability of INFECTION TYPE, it is possible to use the above mentioned varieties in breeding programs in order to reduce the INFECTION TYPE of stripe rust in wheat      

Background and Objectives: There are some suggestions that an epidemiological association exist between HCV INFECTION and TYPE 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HCV INFECTION in patients with TYPE 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).Materials and Methods: In a descriptive study, 400 patients with definite diagnosis of TYPE 2 DM were recruited. After gathering the demographic and clinical data they underwent physical examinations, and fasting venous blood samples were taken and examined for blood sugar and serum levels of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol. Serum titer of antibodies against hepatitis C virus was also measured in all of them, using the third-generation ELISA method.Results: Four hundred diabetic patients (M/F 268/132, mean age 54.87±8.36 years) were studied. The mean duration of Diabetes diagnosis was 9.26±7.04 years. History of smoking was positive in 154 (38.5%) patients. The mean body mass index was 26.59±4.53 kg/m2. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the patients were 141.50±25.46 mmHg and 77.93±18.47 mmHg, respectively. Blood levels of FBS and serum TG and cholesterol were 133.30±20.61 mg/dL, 229.02±112.14 mg/dL and 197.53±75.66 mg/dL respectively. Based on the results of ELISA test, 10 (2.5%) patients were infected with HCV (95%CI: 0.9-4.1 percent).Conclusion: Prevalence of HCV INFECTION has been estimated to be less than 1% among Iranian general population. We found a higher rate of INFECTION (almost 2.5 times) in our TYPE 2 diabetic studied population.

Introduction: The risk of being affected by infectious diseases in dentistry directly depends upon the degree of contact with body liquids, such as blood and saliva, as well as the working tools. Different micro-organisms including the viruses causing AIDS and Hepatitis B as well as oral thrush are possible to be transferred in dentistry. According to the Dental intervention (FDI), it is suggested that all dental patients, in spite of the healthy look, are considered to be infective. Therefore, the health principles and protective and safety methods must be observed in all the sequences to prevent cross-INFECTION. Thus, the present study seeks to investigate the degree to which the dentists in Isfahan respect and approach to such standards.Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. In order to answer the questions of the study (as found in tables 1&2), the data related to the participants’ attitudes and performance were collected by having them fill out a questionnaire and a checklist. A total of 140 dentists in Isfahan were selected through a random sampling in 1385 (HS). The data collected was then evaluated with SPSS.Results: The mean score obtained from the attitude-related questions was 5.36. Also, the mean score of performance-related questions was found to be 8.03. No significant relation was found between the dentists` attitudes and the years of service (P=0.092, r=0.17). No significant relation was found between the dentists` performance and the years of service (P=0.12, r=0.15). No significant relation was found between the dentists` attitudes and their performance (P=0.1, r=0.16).

Introduction: Tyrosinemia is a congenital metabolic disease in which the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine is reduced and its amount is increased in the body. Tyrosine metabolites can involve specific organs that according to the clinical manifestations there are three TYPEs of this disease. Case: This article reports TYPE 1 tyrosinemia in a 2-year-old child who complained of urinary problem and restlessness. Despite the absence of pathological findings in fetal ultrasound screening, imaging findings indicate involvement of both kidneys. Conclusions: It is a rare, inherited and metabolic disease that despite the challenges of diagnosis has simple cure.